Distributed systems 分布式系统 35

Session guarantees (read-your-writes, monotonic reads) Control-Loop Oscillation and Hysteresis The Power of Two Random Choices Priority Inversion (and Priority Inheritance) Optimistic Concurrency Control TCP congestion control (slow start, AIMD, bufferbloat) Idempotency Keys and Exactly-Once Effects Distributed Tracing: Context Propagation and Sampling Expand–contract migration (parallel change) Tail latency amplification and hedged requests Merkle tree & anti-entropy repair Anycast routing (BGP anycast) Write-Ahead Log Shuffle Sharding Two-Phase Commit Chandy–Lamport distributed snapshot algorithm DNS recursive resolution Bloom filter QUIC Gossip Protocol (Epidemic Dissemination & SWIM Failure Detection) Spanner TrueTime & Commit-Wait etcd MVCC and compaction erasure coding Two Generals Problem backpressure Raft leader election and quorum circuit breaker CRDT (conflict-free replicated data type) consistent hashing control plane vs data plane lease-based leader election and fencing tokens quorum and split-brain exponential backoff with jitter consistent hashing quorum and split-brain

Kubernetes Kubernetes 24

Live migration (pre-copy with dirty page tracking) Session guarantees (read-your-writes, monotonic reads) Control-Loop Oscillation and Hysteresis Optimistic Concurrency Control Idempotency Keys and Exactly-Once Effects Path MTU Discovery and PMTU Black Holes The Confused Deputy Problem SNAT and connection tracking (conntrack) port exhaustion bin-packing-scheduling copy-on-write VXLAN overlay network encapsulation etcd MVCC and compaction cgroup CPU throttling backpressure circuit breaker control plane vs data plane CSI VolumeAttachment and attach/detach protection finalizers and cascading deletion PodDisruptionBudget admission webhooks and failurePolicy lease-based leader election and fencing tokens IRSA / OIDC federation with STS cgroup CPU throttling reconciliation loop (level-triggered control)

Networking 网络 16

Zero-copy I/O The Power of Two Random Choices TCP congestion control (slow start, AIMD, bufferbloat) Path MTU Discovery and PMTU Black Holes Anycast routing (BGP anycast) SNAT and connection tracking (conntrack) port exhaustion Shuffle Sharding DNS recursive resolution vpc-peering-vs-transit-gateway QUIC VXLAN overlay network encapsulation Gossip Protocol (Epidemic Dissemination & SWIM Failure Detection) eBPF Two Generals Problem certificate chain of trust and mTLS control plane vs data plane

Linux Linux 11

TLB shootdown Live migration (pre-copy with dirty page tracking) Zero-copy I/O Control-Loop Oscillation and Hysteresis Priority Inversion (and Priority Inheritance) Path MTU Discovery and PMTU Black Holes False sharing and cache line coherence copy-on-write eBPF cgroup CPU throttling cgroup CPU throttling

Storage 存储 9

Zero-copy I/O Envelope encryption (DEK / KEK) Merkle tree & anti-entropy repair Write-Ahead Log copy-on-write Bloom filter etcd MVCC and compaction erasure coding CSI VolumeAttachment and attach/detach protection

Security 安全 6

The Confused Deputy Problem Envelope encryption (DEK / KEK) Merkle tree & anti-entropy repair certificate chain of trust and mTLS admission webhooks and failurePolicy IRSA / OIDC federation with STS

AWS AWS 7

The Confused Deputy Problem Envelope encryption (DEK / KEK) Anycast routing (BGP anycast) SNAT and connection tracking (conntrack) port exhaustion Shuffle Sharding vpc-peering-vs-transit-gateway IRSA / OIDC federation with STS

Performance 性能 3

TLB shootdown False sharing and cache line coherence Tail latency amplification and hedged requests

Memory 内存 1

Tri-color mark-and-sweep garbage collection

Runtime 运行时 1

Tri-color mark-and-sweep garbage collection

Observability 可观测性 1

Distributed Tracing: Context Propagation and Sampling

Operations 运维 1

Expand–contract migration (parallel change)

Scheduling 调度 1

bin-packing-scheduling

Databases 数据库 1

Optimistic Concurrency Control

Virtualization 虚拟化 1

Live migration (pre-copy with dirty page tracking)

etcd etcd 1

Write-Ahead Log